blank Quick help
blank Maintenance news

Scheduled maintenance

Regular maintenance outages:
between 05.00 and 05.15 hrs CET (Monday to Sunday).

Other outages
Availability
Register Forum

2022.02.11

More...
blank News flashes

News flashes

New version of the European Patent Register - SPC information for Unitary Patents.

2024-03-06

More...
blank Related links

Extract from the Register of European Patents

EP About this file: EP3401400

EP3401400 - METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR RNA-DIRECTED TARGET DNA MODIFICATION AND FOR RNA-DIRECTED MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION [Right-click to bookmark this link]
StatusThe patent has been granted
Status updated on  01.03.2019
Database last updated on 23.04.2024
FormerGrant of patent is intended
Status updated on  20.02.2019
FormerRequest for examination was made
Status updated on  12.02.2019
FormerGrant of patent is intended
Status updated on  04.02.2019
FormerRequest for examination was made
Status updated on  23.11.2018
FormerThe application has been published
Status updated on  12.10.2018
Most recent event   Tooltip13.07.2023New entry: Date of oral proceedings 
Applicant(s)For all designated states
The Regents of the University of California
1111 Franklin Street, 12th Floor
Oakland, CA 94607 / US
For all designated states
University of Vienna
Universitätsring 1
1010 Vienna / AT
For all designated states
Charpentier, Emmanuelle
Department Of Regulation in Infection Biology
Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology
Charitéplatz 1
10117 Berlin / DE
[2018/46]
Inventor(s)01 / CHARPENTIER, Emmanuelle
Department Of Regulation in Infection Biology
Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology
Charitéplatz 1
10117 Berlin / DE
02 / JINEK, Martin
1846 Spruce Street
Berkeley, CA 94709 / US
03 / DOUDNA CATE, James Harrison
164 Vicente Road
Berkeley, CA 94705 / US
04 / LIM, Wendell
149 Collins Street
San Francisco, CA 94118 / US
05 / QI, Lei
730 Kinkead Way, 302
Albany, CA 94706 / US
06 / CHYLINSKI, Krzysztof
Simmeringer Hauptstrasse 45/8
1110 Vienna / AT
07 / DOUDNA, Jennifer A.
164 Vicente Road
Berkeley, CA 94705 / US
 [2018/46]
Representative(s)Maiwald GmbH
Elisenhof
Elisenstraße 3
80335 München / DE
[N/P]
Former [2019/14]Mewburn Ellis LLP
City Tower
40 Basinghall Street
London EC2V 5DE / GB
Former [2018/46]Green, Katherine, et al
Mewburn Ellis LLP
City Tower
40 Basinghall Street
London EC2V 5DE / GB
Application number, filing date18152360.615.03.2013
[2018/46]
Priority number, dateUS201261652086P25.05.2012         Original published format: US 201261652086 P
US201261716256P19.10.2012         Original published format: US 201261716256 P
US201361757640P28.01.2013         Original published format: US 201361757640 P
US201361765576P15.02.2013         Original published format: US 201361765576 P
[2018/46]
Filing languageEN
Procedural languageEN
PublicationType: A1 Application with search report 
No.:EP3401400
Date:14.11.2018
Language:EN
[2018/46]
Type: B1 Patent specification 
No.:EP3401400
Date:03.04.2019
Language:EN
[2019/14]
Search report(s)(Supplementary) European search report - dispatched on:EP21.09.2018
ClassificationIPC:C12N15/11, C12N15/63, C07K19/00, C12N15/10, C12N15/90, A61K38/46, A61K48/00
[2018/46]
CPC:
A61K38/465 (EP,IL,US); C12N15/907 (GB,IL,KR,US); C12N15/111 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US);
C12N15/102 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US); A01H6/4684 (IL,US); A01K67/027 (IL,US);
A61K48/00 (IL,US); A61P31/00 (EP,IL); A61P31/04 (EP,IL);
A61P31/12 (EP,IL); A61P35/00 (EP,IL); A61P43/00 (EP,IL);
C12N15/113 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US); C12N15/63 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US); C12N15/70 (IL,US);
C12N15/746 (IL,US); C12N15/90 (GB,IL,KR,US); C12N15/902 (IL,US);
C12N5/10 (IL,KR); C12N9/22 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US); C12Q1/686 (IL,US);
C12Y301/04 (EP,GB,IL,US); H01L21/02312 (US); H01L21/02365 (US);
H01L33/0075 (US); C07K2319/71 (GB,IL); C07K2319/85 (GB,IL);
C12N2310/11 (GB,IL,KR,US); C12N2310/13 (GB,IL,KR,US); C12N2310/14 (IL,US);
C12N2310/20 (EP,IL,US); C12N2310/31 (IL,US); C12N2310/32 (IL,US);
C12N2310/33 (IL,US); C12N2310/3519 (EP,GB,IL,KR,US); C12N2310/531 (EP,GB,IL,US);
C12N2800/80 (IL,US); Y02A50/30 (EP) (-)
Designated contracting statesAL,   AT,   BE,   BG,   CH,   CY,   CZ,   DE,   DK,   EE,   ES,   FI,   FR,   GB,   GR,   HR,   HU,   IE,   IS,   IT,   LI,   LT,   LU,   LV,   MC,   MK,   MT,   NL,   NO,   PL,   PT,   RO,   RS,   SE,   SI,   SK,   SM,   TR [2018/52]
Former [2018/46]AL,  AT,  BE,  BG,  CH,  CY,  CZ,  DE,  DK,  EE,  ES,  FI,  FR,  GB,  GR,  HR,  HU,  IE,  IS,  IT,  LI,  LT,  LU,  LV,  MC,  MK,  MT,  NL,  NO,  PL,  PT,  RO,  RS,  SE,  SI,  SK,  SM,  TR 
Extension statesBA19.11.2018
ME19.11.2018
TitleGerman:VERFAHREN UND ZUSAMMENSETZUNGEN ZUR RNA-GESTEUERTEN ZIEL-DNA-MODIFIKATION UND ZUR RNA-GESTEUERTEN TRANSKRIPTIONSMODULATION[2018/46]
English:METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR RNA-DIRECTED TARGET DNA MODIFICATION AND FOR RNA-DIRECTED MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION[2018/46]
French:PROCÉDÉS ET COMPOSITIONS PERMETTANT LA MODIFICATION DE L'ADN CIBLE DIRIGÉE PAR L'ARN ET LA MODULATION DE LA TRANSCRIPTION DIRIGÉE PAR L'ARN[2018/46]
Examination procedure19.11.2018Amendment by applicant (claims and/or description)
19.11.2018Examination requested  [2018/52]
19.11.2018Date on which the examining division has become responsible
30.01.2019Observations by third parties
05.02.2019Communication of intention to grant the patent
11.02.2019Disapproval of the communication of intention to grant the patent by the applicant or resumption of examination proceedings by the EPO
11.02.2019Fee for grant paid
11.02.2019Fee for publishing/printing paid
20.02.2019Information about intention to grant a patent
20.02.2019Receipt of the translation of the claim(s)
Parent application(s)   TooltipEP13793997.1  / EP2800811
EP17163434.8  / EP3241902
Divisional application(s)EP19157590.1  / EP3597749
EP21207127.8  / EP4043564
EP23187511.3
Opposition(s)Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019  02.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
 03  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Greaves Brewster LLP
Copa House
Station Road
Cheddar
Somerset BS27 3AH / GB
 04  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds Yorkshire LS11 9DX / GB
Opponent's representative
HGF
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds LS11 9DX / GB
 [N/P]
Former [2021/43]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019  02.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
 03  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Greaves Brewster LLP
Copa House
Station Road
Cheddar
Somerset BS27 3AH / GB
 04  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds Yorkshire LS11 9DX / GB
Opponent's representative
HGF
1 City Walk
Leeds LS11 9DX / GB
Former [2020/30]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019  02.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Weber & Seidel
Rechts- und Patentanwälte
Handschuhsheimer Landstraße 2a
69120 Heidelberg / DE
 03  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Greaves Brewster LLP
Copa House
Station Road
Cheddar
Somerset BS27 3AH / GB
 04  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds Yorkshire LS11 9DX / GB
Opponent's representative
HGF
1 City Walk
Leeds LS11 9DX / GB
Former [2020/28]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019  02.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Weber & Seidel
Rechts- und Patentanwälte
Handschuhsheimer Landstraße 2a
69120 Heidelberg / DE
 03  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Greaves Brewster LLP
Copa House
Station Road
Cheddar
Somerset BS27 3AH / GB
 04  03.01.2020  15.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
HGF
1 City Walk
Leeds Yorkshire LS11 9DX / GB
Opponent's representative
HGF
1 City Walk
Leeds LS11 9DX / GB
Former [2020/07]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019  02.01.2020  ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Weber & Seidel
Rechts- und Patentanwälte
Handschuhsheimer Landstraße 2a
69120 Heidelberg / DE
 03  03.01.2020    ADMISSIBLE
Greaves Brewster LLP
Copa House
Station Road
Cheddar
Somerset BS27 3AH / GB
 04  03.01.2020   
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds Yorkshire LS11 9DX / GB
Opponent's representative
HGF Limited
1 City Walk
Leeds LS11 9DX / GB
Former [2020/04]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019  08.05.2019  ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
 02  17.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
Testbiotech e.V.
Institut für unabhängige Folgenabschätzung in der
Biotechnologie
Frohschammerstraße 14
80807 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Weber & Seidel
Rechts- und Patentanwälte
Handschuhsheimer Landstraße 2a
69120 Heidelberg / DE
Former [2019/20]
Opponent(s)01  04.04.2019    ADMISSIBLE
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte ParG mbB
Fünf Höfe
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
Opponent's representative
Pohlman, Sandra M.
df-mp Dörries Frank-Molnia & Pohlman
Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Theatinerstrasse 16
80333 München / DE
28.01.2020Invitation to proprietor to file observations on the notice of opposition
05.08.2020Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition
21.02.2022Date of oral proceedings
25.04.2022Despatch of interlocutory decision in opposition
25.04.2022Despatch of minutes of oral proceedings
Appeal following opposition04.07.2022Appeal received No.  T1549/22
04.07.2022Payment of appeal fee
05.09.2022Statement of grounds filed
24.06.2022Appeal received No.  T1549/22
24.06.2022Payment of appeal fee
05.09.2022Statement of grounds filed
13.06.2022Appeal received No.  T1549/22
13.06.2022Payment of appeal fee
05.09.2022Statement of grounds filed
04.07.2022Appeal received No.  T1549/22
01.09.2022Statement of grounds filed
16.10.2024Date of oral proceedings
Fees paidRenewal fee
12.02.2018Renewal fee patent year 03
12.02.2018Renewal fee patent year 04
12.02.2018Renewal fee patent year 05
27.03.2018Renewal fee patent year 06
08.02.2019Renewal fee patent year 07
Opt-out from the exclusive  Tooltip
competence of the Unified
Patent Court
See the Register of the Unified Patent Court for opt-out data
Responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or quality of the data displayed under the link provided lies entirely with the Unified Patent Court.
Lapses during opposition  TooltipSM03.04.2019
[2020/14]
Documents cited:Search[A]WO2010021692  (SANGAMO BIOSCIENCES INC [US], et al) [A] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [A]WO2011072246  (UNIV MINNESOTA [US], et al) [A] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [E]WO2014065596  (TOOLGEN INC [KR]) [E] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [E]WO2014089290  (SIGMA ALDRICH CO LLC [US], et al) [E] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [E]WO2014093661  (BROAD INST INC [US], et al) [E] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [E]WO2014093712  (BROAD INST INC [US], et al) [E] 1-23 * the whole document *;
 [E]WO2014099744  (HARVARD COLLEGE [US]) [E] 1-23* the whole document *;
 [A]  - PAPWORTH M ET AL, "Designer zinc-finger proteins and their applications", GENE, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 366, no. 1, doi:10.1016/J.GENE.2005.09.011, ISSN 0378-1119, (20060117), pages 27 - 38, (20060117), XP024934269 [A] 1-23 * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.011
 [A]  - ELITZA DELTCHEVA ET AL, "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III", NATURE, (20110331), vol. 471, no. 7340, doi:10.1038/nature09886, ISSN 0028-0836, pages 602 - 607, XP055308803 [A] 1-23 * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09886
 [A]  - MAKAROVA KIRA S ET AL, "Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems", NATURE REVIEWS. MICROBIO, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, GB, (20110509), vol. 9, no. 6, doi:10.1038/NRMICRO2577, ISSN 1740-1526, pages 467 - 477, XP009155547 [A] 1-23 * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2577
 [A]  - BLAKE WIEDENHEFT ET AL, "RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea", NATURE, (20120215), vol. 482, no. 7385, doi:10.1038/nature10886, ISSN 0028-0836, pages 331 - 338, XP055116249 [A] 1-23 * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10886
 [XPI]  - M. JINEK ET AL, "A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity", SCIENCE, (20120817), vol. 337, no. 6096, doi:10.1126/science.1225829, ISSN 0036-8075, pages 816 - 821, XP055299674 [XP] 11-14,18,19,22 * the whole document * [I] 1-23

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
 [P]  - M. JINEK ET AL, "A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity (Supplementary Material)", SCIENCE, US, (20120628), vol. 337, no. 6096, doi:10.1126/science.1225829, ISSN 0036-8075, page 821, XP055067747 [P] * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
 [XPI]  - L. CONG ET AL, "Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems", SCIENCE, (20130215), vol. 339, no. 6121, doi:10.1126/science.1231143, ISSN 0036-8075, pages 819 - 823, XP055067741 [XP] 1,3-7,9-14,16,18,19,22 * the whole document * [I] 1-23

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
 [P]  - L. CONG ET AL, "Supplementary Material to : Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems", SCIENCE, (20130103), vol. 339, no. 6121, doi:10.1126/science.1231143, ISSN 0036-8075, pages 819 - 823, XP055067744 [P] * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
 [XPI]  - P. MALI ET AL, "RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9", SCIENCE, (20130103), vol. 339, no. 6121, doi:10.1126/science.1232033, ISSN 0036-8075, pages 823 - 826, XP055111247 [XP] 1,3-7,9-14,16,18,19,22 * the whole document * [I] 1-23

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
 [P]  - P. Mali ET AL, "Supplementary information for RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9 (XP 055337932)", Science, (20130103), vol. 339, no. 6121, doi:10.1126/science.1232033, ISSN 0036-8075, pages 823 - 826, XP055403737 [P] * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
 [XPI]  - MARTIN JINEK ET AL, "RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells", E-LIFE, SAM LTD, GB, vol. 2, doi:10.7554/ELIFE.00471, ISSN 2050-084X, (20130129), pages e00471 - 1, (20130628), XP002699851 [XP] 1,3-7,9-14,16,18,19,22 * the whole document * [I] 1-23

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
 [P]  - Martin Jinek ET AL, "RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells (Figures and figure supplements)", eLife, (20130129), vol. 2, doi:10.7554/eLife.00471, XP055167481 [P] * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
by applicantUS3687808
 US5034506
 WO9303769
 WO9309239
 US5222982
 WO9319191
 WO9412649
 WO9428938
 WO9500655
 US5385582
 WO9511984
 WO9516783
 US5451513
 US5489677
 US5539082
 US5545817
 US5545818
 US5576198
 US5602240
 US5714331
 US5719262
 WO9839352
 US5843780
 WO9914226
 WO9920741
 US6200806
 WO0118048
 WO0151616
 US2003022831
 US2003032593
 WO03020920
 US2003083256
 US2003220334
 US7029913
 US7078387
 US7153684
 US7169874
 US2007254842
 US2008081064
 US2009047263
 US2009068742
 US2009191159
 US2009196903
 US2009227032
 US2009246875
 US2009304646
    - ALTSCHUL et al., J. Mol. Biol., (19900000), vol. 215, pages 403 - 410
    - ZHANG; MADDEN, Genome Res., (19970000), vol. 7, pages 649 - 656
    - SMITH; WATERMAN, Adv. Appl. Math., (19810000), vol. 2, pages 482 - 489
    - ALTSCHUL et al., J. Mol. Bioi., (19900000), vol. 215, pages 403 - 10
    - MIYAGISHI et al., Nature Biotechnology, (20020000), vol. 20, pages 497 - 500
    - XIA et al., Nucleic Acids Res., (20030901), vol. 31, no. 17
    - CHEN et al., Cell, (19870000), vol. 51, pages 7 - 19
    - LLEWELLYN et al., Nat. Med., (20100000), vol. 16, no. 10, pages 1161 - 1166
    - OH et al., Gene Ther, (20090000), vol. 16, page 437
    - SASAOKA et al., Mol. Brain Res., (19920000), vol. 16, page 274
    - BOUNDY et al., J. Neurosci., (19980000), vol. 18, page 9989
    - KANEDA et al., Neuron, (19910000), vol. 6, pages 583 - 594
    - RADOVICK et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19910000), vol. 88, pages 3402 - 3406
    - OBERDICK et al., Science, (19900000), vol. 248, pages 223 - 226
    - BARTGE et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19880000), vol. 85, pages 3648 - 3652
    - COMB et al., EMBO J., (19880000), vol. 17, pages 3793 - 3805
    - MAYFORD et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19960000), vol. 93, page 13250
    - CASANOVA et al., Genesis, (20010000), vol. 31, page 37
    - LIU et al., Gene Therapy, (20040000), vol. 11, pages 52 - 60
    - TOZZO et al., Endocrinol, (19970000), vol. 138, page 1604
    - ROSS et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19900000), vol. 87, page 9590
    - PAVJANI et al., Nat. Med., (20050000), vol. 11, page 797
    - KNIGHT et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (20030000), vol. 100, page 14725
    - KURIKI et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull., (20020000), vol. 25, page 1476
    - SATO et al., J. Biol. Chem., (20020000), vol. 277, page 15703
    - TABOR et al., J. Biol. Chem., (19990000), vol. 274, page 20603
    - MASON et al., Endocrinol, (19980000), vol. 139, page 1013
    - CHEN et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., (19990000), vol. 262, page 187
    - KITA et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., (20050000), vol. 331, page 484
    - CHAKRABARTI, Endocrinol, (20100000), vol. 151, page 2408
    - PLATT et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19890000), vol. 86, page 7490
    - SEO et al., Molec. Endocrinol., (20030000), vol. 17, page 1522
    - FRANZ et al., Cardiovasc. Res., (19970000), vol. 35, pages 560 - 566
    - ROBBINS et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., (19950000), vol. 752, pages 492 - 505
    - LINN et al., Circ. Res., (19950000), vol. 76, pages 584 - 591
    - PARMACEK et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., (19940000), vol. 14, pages 1870 - 1885
    - HUNTER et al., Hypertension, (19930000), vol. 22, pages 608 - 617
    - SARTORELLI et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19920000), vol. 89, pages 4047 - 4051
    - AKYIIREK et al., Mol. Med., (20000000), vol. 6, page 983
    - KIM et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., (19970000), vol. 17, pages 2266 - 2278
    - LI et al., J. Cell Biol., (19960000), vol. 132, pages 849 - 859
    - MOESSLER et al., Development, (19960000), vol. 122, pages 2415 - 2425
    - YOUNG et al., Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., (20030000), vol. 44, page 4076
    - NICOUD et al., J. Gene Med., (20070000), vol. 9, page 1015
    - YOKOYAMA et al., Exp Eye Res., (19920000), vol. 55, page 225
    - PANYAM, Adv Drug Deliv Rev., (20120913), vol. S0169-40, no. 12, pages 00283 - 9
    - MORRISON et al., Cell, (19970000), vol. 88, pages 287 - 298
    - THOMSON, Science, (19981106), vol. 282, no. 5391, pages 1145 - 7
    - TAKAHASHI, Cell, (20071130), vol. 131, no. 5, pages 861 - 72
    - TAKAHASHI, Nat Protoc., (20070000), vol. 2, no. 12, pages 3081 - 9
    - YU, Science, (20071221), vol. 318, no. 5858, pages 1917 - 20
    - THOMSON et al., Science, (19980000), vol. 282, page 1145
    - THOMSON et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, (19950000), vol. 92, page 7844
    - THOMSON et al., Biol. Reprod., (19960000), vol. 55, page 254
    - SHAMBLOTT et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19980000), vol. 95, page 13726
    - MATSUI, Y. et al., Cell, (19920000), vol. 70, page 841
    - SHAMBLOTT, M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (20010000), vol. 98, page 113
    - SHAMBLOTT, M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19980000), vol. 95, page 13726
    - KOSHIMIZU, U. et al., Development, (19960000), vol. 122, page 1235
    - NAKAMURA et al., Genes Cells, (20120500), vol. 17, no. 5, pages 344 - 64
    - VAVALLE et al., Future Cardiol., (20120500), vol. 8, no. 3, pages 371 - 82
    - CITARTAN et al., Biosens Bioelectron, (20120415), vol. 34, no. 1, pages 1 - 11
    - LIBERMAN et al., Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA, (20120500), vol. 3, no. 3, pages 369 - 84
    - DWAINE A. BRAASCH; DAVID R. COREY, Biochemistry, (20020000), vol. 41, no. 14, pages 4503 - 4510
    - WANG et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., (20000000), vol. 122, pages 8595 - 8602
    - SINGH et al., Chem. Commun., (19980000), vol. 4, pages 455 - 456
    - WAHLESTEDT et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (20000000), vol. 97, pages 5633 - 5638
    - KOSHKIN et al., Tetrahedron, (19980000), vol. 54, pages 3607 - 3630
    - MARTIN et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, (19950000), vol. 78, pages 486 - 504
    - Kroschwitz, J. I., The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, (19900000), pages 858 - 859
    - ENGLISCH et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, (19910000), vol. 30, page 613
    - SANGHVI, Y. S., "Chapter 15", SANGHVI, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, (19930000), pages 289 - 302
    - Sanghvi et al., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, (19930000), pages 276 - 278
    - LETSINGER et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19890000), vol. 86, pages 6553 - 6556
    - MANOHARAN et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., (19940000), vol. 4, pages 1053 - 1060
    - MANOHARAN et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., (19920000), vol. 660, pages 306 - 309
    - MANOHARAN et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., (19930000), vol. 3, pages 2765 - 2770
    - OBERHAUSER et al., Nucl. Acids Res., (19920000), vol. 20, pages 533 - 538
    - SAISON-BEHMOARAS et al., EMBO J., (19910000), vol. 10, pages 1111 - 1118
    - KABANOV et al., FEBS Lett., (19900000), vol. 259, pages 327 - 330
    - SVINARCHUK et al., Biochimie, (19930000), vol. 75, pages 49 - 54
    - MANOHARAN et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (19950000), vol. 36, pages 3651 - 3654
    - SHEA et al., Nucl. Acids Res., (19900000), vol. 18, pages 3777 - 3783
    - MANOHARAN et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, (19950000), vol. 14, pages 969 - 973
    - MISHRA et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, (19950000), vol. 1264, pages 229 - 237
    - CROOKE et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., (19960000), vol. 277, pages 923 - 937
    - ZENDER et al., Cancer Gene Ther., (20020000), vol. 9, no. 6, pages 489 - 96
    - NOGUCHI et al., Diabetes, (20030000), vol. 52, no. 7, pages 1732 - 1737
    - TREHIN et al., Pharm. Research, (20040000), vol. 21, pages 1248 - 1256
    - WENDER et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (20000000), vol. 97, pages 13003 - 13008
    - AGUILERA et al., Integr Biol (Camb, (20090600), vol. 1, no. 5-6, pages 371 - 381
    - LI et al., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, (19940000), vol. 35, pages 2543 - 2549
    - BORRAS et al., Gene Ther, (19990000), vol. 6, page 515 524
    - LI; DAVIDSON, PNAS, (19950000), vol. 92, page 7700 7704
    - SAKAMOTO et al., H Gene Ther, (19990000), vol. 5, page 1088 1097
    - ALI et al., Hum Gene Ther, (19980000), vol. 9, page 81 86
    - FLANNERY et al., PNAS, (19970000), vol. 94, page 6916 6921
    - BENNETT et al., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, (19970000), vol. 38, page 2857 2863
    - JOMARY et al., Gene Ther, (19970000), vol. 4, page 683 690
    - ROLLING et al., Hum Gene Ther, (19990000), vol. 10, page 641 648
    - ALI et al., Hum Mol Genet, (19960000), vol. 5, page 591 594
    - SAMULSKI et al., J. Vir., (19890000), vol. 63, pages 3822 - 3828
    - MENDELSON et al., Virol., (19880000), vol. 166, pages 154 - 165
    - FLOTTE et al., PNAS, (19930000), vol. 90, pages 10613 - 10617
    - MIYOSHI et al., PNAS, (19970000), vol. 94, page 10319 23
    - TAKAHASHI et al., J Virol, (19990000), vol. 73, page 7812 7816
    - BITTER et al., Methods in Enzymology, (19870000), vol. 153, pages 516 - 544
    - PANYAM, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, (20120913), vol. S0169-40, no. 12, pages 00283 - 9
    - KAWAI et al., "Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi: methods and possible underlying mechanism", Bioeng Bugs., (20101100), vol. 1, no. 6, pages 395 - 403
    - TANKA et al., Nature, (20040318), vol. 428, no. 6980, pages 323 - 8
    - ANGEL; YANIK, PLoS ONE, (20100000), vol. 5, no. 7, page el 1756
    - BEUMER et al., "Efficient gene targeting in Drosophila by direct embryo injection with zinc-finger nucleases", PNAS, (20080000), vol. 105, no. 50, pages 19821 - 19826
    - FUTAKI et al., Curr Protein Pept Sci., (20030400), vol. 4, no. 2, pages 87 - 9,446
    - WENDER et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, (20001121), vol. 97, no. 24, pages 13003 - 8
    - CHANG et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA, (19870000), vol. 84, pages 4959 - 4963
    - NEHLS et al., Science, (19960000), vol. 272, pages 886 - 889
    - LANGER, Science, (19900000), vol. 249, pages 1527 - 1533
    - GAMA et al., Brain Struct Funct, (20100300), vol. 214, no. 2-3, pages 91 - 109
    - HUSAINI et al., GM Crops, (20110601), vol. 2, no. 3, pages 150 - 62
    - KLEIN et al., Nature, (19870000), vol. 327, pages 70 - 73
    - HERRERA-ESTRELLA et al., Nature, (19830000), vol. 303, page 209
    - BEVAN, Nucl Acid Res, (19840000), vol. 12, pages 8711 - 8721
    - KLEE, Bio/Technolo, (19850000), vol. 3, pages 637 - 642
    - CHRISTOU, Bio/Technology, (19910000), vol. 9, pages 957 - 4462
    - GORDON-KAMM, Plant Cell, (19900000), vol. 2, pages 603 - 618
    - WEEKS et al., Plant Physiol, (19930000), vol. 102, pages 1077 - 1084
    - VASIL, Bio/Technolo, (19930000), vol. 10, pages 667 - 674
    - WAN; LEMEAUX, Plant Physiol, (19940000), vol. 104, pages 37 - 48
    - ISHIDA et al., Nature Biotech, (19960000), vol. 14, pages 745 - 750
    - DANIELI et al., Nat. Biotechnol, (19980000), vol. 16, pages 345 - 348
    - STAUB et al., Nat. Biotechnol, (20000000), vol. 18, pages 333 - 338
    - O'NEILL et al., Plant J., (19930000), vol. 3, pages 729 - 738
    - KNOBLAUCH et al., Nat. Biotechnol, vol. 17, pages 906 - 909
    - BOYNTON et al., Methods in Enzymology, (19930000), vol. 217, pages 510 - 536
    - SVAB et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (19930000), vol. 90, pages 913 - 917
    - MCBRIDE et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, (19940000), vol. 91, pages 7301 - 7305
    - CITARTAN et al., Biosens Bioelectron., (20120415), vol. 34, no. 1, pages 1 - 11
    - DOHMEN et al., Science, (19940000), vol. 263, no. 5151, pages 1273 - 1276
    - SCHOEBER et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol., (20090100), vol. 296, no. 1, pages F204 - 11
    - CHU et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett., (20081115), vol. 18, no. 22, pages 5941 - 4
    - YANG et al., Mol Cell, (20121130), vol. 48, no. 4, pages 487 - 8
    - BARBOUR et al., Biosci Rep, (20130118), vol. 33, no. 1
    - LI et al., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, (19940000), vol. 35, page 2543 2549
    - LI; DAVIDSON, PNAS, (19950000), vol. 92, pages 7700 - 7704
    - JOMARY et al., Gene Ther, (19970000), vol. 4, pages 683 - 690
    - ALI et al., Hum Mol Genet, (19960000), vol. 5, pages 591 - 594
    - YOKOYAMA et al., Exp Eye Res, (19920000), vol. 55, page 225
    - B. WIEDENHEFT; S. H. STERNBERG; J. A. DOUDNA, Nature, (20120000), vol. 482, page 331
    - D. BHAYA; M. DAVISON; R. BARRANGOU, Annu. Rev. Genet., (20110000), vol. 45, page 273
    - M. P. TERNS; R. M. TERNS, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., (20110000), vol. 14, page 321
    - E. DELTCHEVA et al., Nature, (20110000), vol. 471, page 602
    - J. CARTE; R. WANG; H. LI; R. M. TERNS; M. P. TERNS, Genes Dev, (20080000), vol. 22, page 3489
    - R. E. HAURWITZ; M. JINEK; B. WIEDENHEFT; K. ZHOU; J. A. DOUDNA, Science, (20100000), vol. 329, page 1355
    - R. WANG; G. PREAMPLUME; M. P. TERNS; R. M. TERNS; H. LI, Structure, (20110000), vol. 19, page 257
    - E. M. GESNER; M. J. SCHELLENBERG; E. L. GARSIDE; M. M. GEORGE; A. M. MACMILLAN, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., (20110000), vol. 18, page 688
    - A. HATOUM-ASLAN; I. MANIV; L. A. MARRAFFINI, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (20110000), vol. 108, page 21218
    - S. J. J. BROUNS et al., Science, (20080000), vol. 321, page 960
    - D. G. SASHITAL; M. JINEK; J. A. DOUDNA, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., (20110000), vol. 18, page 680
    - N. G. LINTNER et al., J. Biol. Chem., (20110000), vol. 286, page 21643
    - E. SEMENOVA et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (20110000), vol. 108, page 10098
    - B. WIEDENHEFT et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (20110000), vol. 108, page 10092
    - B. WIEDENHEFT et al., Nature, (20110000), vol. 477, page 486
    - C. R. HALE et al., Cell, (20090000), vol. 139, page 945
    - J. A. L. HOWARD; S. DELMAS; I. IVANCIC-BACE; E. L. BOLT, Biochem. J., (20110000), vol. 439, page 85
    - E. R. WESTRA et al., Mol. Cell, (20120000), vol. 46, page 595
    - C. R. HALE et al., Mol. Cell, (20120000), vol. 45, page 292
    - J. ZHANG et al., Mol. Cell, (20120000), vol. 45, page 303
    - K. S. MAKAROVA et al., Nat. Rev. Microbiol., (20110000), vol. 9, page 467
    - K. S. MAKAROVA; N. V. GRISHIN; S. A. SHABALINA; Y. I. WOLF; E. V. KOONIN, Biol. Direct, (20060000), vol. 1, page 7
    - K. S. MAKAROVA; L. ARAVIND; Y. I. WOLF; E. V. KOONIN, Biol. Direct, (20110000), vol. 6, page 38
    - S. GOTTESMAN, Nature, (20110000), vol. 471, page 588
    - R. BARRANGOU et al., Science, (20070000), vol. 315, page 1709
    - J. E. GARNEAU et al., Nature, (20100000), vol. 468, page 67
    - R. SAPRANAUSKAS et al., Nucleic Acids Res., (20110000), vol. 39, page 9275
    - G. K. TAYLOR; D. F. HEITER; S. PIETROKOVSKI; B. L. STODDARD, Nucleic Acids Res., (20110000), vol. 39, page 9705
    - H. DEVEAU et al., J. Bacteriol., (20080000), vol. 190, page 1390
    - B. P. LEWIS; C. B. BURGE; D. P. BARTEL, Cell, (20050000), vol. 120, page 15
    - G. HUTVAGNER; M. J. SIMARD, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., (20080000), vol. 9, page 22
    - F. J. M. MOJICA; C. DIEZ-VILLASENOR; J. GARCIA-MARTINEZ; C. ALMENDROS, Microbiology, (20090000), vol. 155, page 733
    - L. A. MARRAFFINI; E. J. SONTHEIMER, Nature, (20100000), vol. 463, page 568
    - D. G. SASHITAL; B. WIEDENHEFT; J. A. DOUDNA, Mol. Cell, (20120000), vol. 46, page 606
    - M. CHRISTIAN et al., Genetics, (20100000), vol. 186, page 757
    - J. C. MILLER et al., Nat. Biotechnol., (20110000), vol. 29, page 143
    - F. D. URNOV; E. J. REBAR; M. C. HOLMES; H. S. ZHANG; P. D. GREGORY, Nat. Rev. Genet., (20100000), vol. 11, page 636
    - D. CARROLL, Gene Ther, (20080000), vol. 15, page 1463
    - M. G. CAPARON; J. R. SCOTT, "Genetic manipulation of pathogenic streptococci", Methods Enzymol., (19910000), vol. 204, page 556
    - C. FR0KJSER-JENSEN et al., "Single-copy insertion of transgenes in Caenorhabditis elegans", Nat. Genet., (20080000), vol. 40, page 1375
    - R. B. DENMAN, "Using RNAFOLD to predict the activity of small catalytic RNAs", Biotechniques, (19930000), vol. 15, page 1090
    - I. L. HOFACKER; P. F. STADLER, "Memory efficient folding algorithms for circular RNA secondary structures", Bioinformatics, (20060000), vol. 22, page 1172
    - K. DARTY; A. DENISE; Y. PONTY, "VARNA: Interactive drawing and editing of the RNA secondary structure", Bioinformatics, (20090000), vol. 25, doi:doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp250, page 1974, XP055198531

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp250
    - GRISSA I et al., BMC Bioinformatics, (20070000), vol. 8, page 172
    - GenBank, Database accession no. NC_002163
    - GenBank, Database accession no. NC_008601
    - GenBank, Database accession no. NC_003116
    - GenBank, Database accession no. NC_003212
    - GenBank, Database accession no. NC_004350
OppositionWO2014089290
 WO2014093595
 EP2825654
 US106048
 WO2011072246
 WO2013176772
 WO2014065596
 WO2014093712
 WO2014093661
 WO2014093655
 WO2014093635
 WO2014093622
 WO2014093701
 WO2014093709
 WO2014093718
 WO2014099744
 EP3401400
    - JINEK M et al., "A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity", Science, (20120817), pages 816 - 821, XP055067740

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
    - Jinek et al., "Supplementary Materials for A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity", SCIENCE, (2012), pages 1 - 37, XP055067747

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
    - CONG L et al., "Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems", Science, (20130103), XP055458249

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
    - Cong et al., "Supplementary Material to : Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems", SCIENCE, (2013), pages 1 - 28, XP055067744

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
    - MALI P et al., "RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9", Science, (20130103), XP055111247

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
    - Mali et al., "Supplementary Materials for RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9", SCIENCE, (20130215), pages 1 - 36, XP002723674

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
    - JINEK M et al., "RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells", eLife, (20130129), pages 1 - 9, XP002699851

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
    - DELTCHEVA et al., "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III", Nature, (20110301), vol. 471, pages 602 - 609, XP055619637

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09886
    - MOJICA et al., "Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements", J Mol Evolution, (20050000), vol. 60, pages 174 - 182, XP019363173

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0046-3
    - POURCEL et al., "CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies", Microbiology, (20050000), vol. 151, pages 653 - 663, XP002460396

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27437-0
    - BARRANGOU et al., "CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes", Science, (20070000), vol. 315, pages 1709 - 1712, XP002428071

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1138140
    - BROUNS et al., "Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes", Science, (20080000), vol. 321, pages 960 - 964, XP002559962

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159689
    - MARRAFFINI et al., "CRISPR Interference Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococci by Targeting DNA", Science, (20080000), vol. 322, no. 5909, pages 1843 - 1845, XP055613684

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1165771
    - MAKAROVA et al., "Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems", Nature Reviews Microbiology, (20110000), vol. 9, pages 467 - 477, XP009155547

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2577
    - SAPRANAUSKAS et al., "THE STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS CRISPR/CAS SYSTEM PROVIDES IMMUNITY IN ESCHERICHIA COLI", Nucleic Acid Research, (20110000), vol. 39, no. 21, pages 9275 - 9282, XP055067807

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr606
    - Sapranauskas et al., "Supplementary data to The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli", Nucleic Acids Research, (20111101), vol. 39, no. 11, pages 1 - 10, XP055067807

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr606
    - KUNIN, V et al., "Evolutionary conservation of sequence and secondary structures in CRISPR repeats", Genome biology, (20070000), vol. 8, pages 61.1 - 61.7, XP021027392

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r61
    - OLKE C . UHLENBECK, "Tetraloops and RNA folding", Nature, vol. 346, pages 613 - 614, XP055613699

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346613a0
    - HENDRIX et al., "RNA structural motifs: building blocks of a modular biomolecule", Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, (20050000), vol. 3, no. 38, pages 221 - 243, XP009098023

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033583506004215
    - VARANI, "Exceptionally Stable Nucleic Acid Hairpins", Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., (19950000), vol. 24, pages 379 - 404, XP055613701

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002115
    - LAMBOWITZ et al., "Group // Introns: Mobil Ribozymes that Invade DNA", Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, (20110000), vol. 3, page a003616, XP055514471

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a003616
    - Makarova et al., "Unification of Cas protein families and a simple scenario for the origin and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems", Biology Direct, pages 1 - 27, XP021105829

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-6-38
    - GARNEAU et al., "The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA", Nature, (20100000), vol. 468, no. 7320, doi:10.1038/nature09523, pages 67 - 71, XP055181397

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09523
    - YU B, "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells", PNAS, (20020000), vol. 99, no. 9, doi:10.1073/pnas.092143499, pages 6047 - 6052, XP002332096

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092143499
    - MASTROIANNI et al., "Group // Intron-Based Gene Targeting Reactions in Eukaryotes", PLoS ONE, (20080000), vol. 3, no. 9, pages 1 - 15, XP055149290

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003121
    - ZIMMERLY et al., "Group // Intron Mobility Occurs by Target DNA-Primed Reverse Transcription", Cell, (19950000), vol. 82, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90027-6, pages 545 - 554, XP002911793

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90027-6
    - YANG et al., "Efficient integration of an intron RNA into double-stranded DNA by reverse splicing", Nature, (19960000), vol. 381, doi:10.1038/381332a0, pages 332 - 335, XP002918949

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/381332a0
    - ROMANI et al., "Hormonal regulation of Mg2+ transport and homeostasis in eukaryotic cells", BioMetals, (20020000), vol. 15, pages 271 - 283, XP055613801
    - O'NEILL et al., "Nucleosome Arrays Inhibit Both Initiation and Elongation of Transcripts by Bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase", J. Mol. Biol., (19920000), vol. 223, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90716-W, pages 67 - 78, XP024018312

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(92)90716-W
    - WIRTZ et al., "Regulated processive transcription of chromatin by T7 RNA polymerase in Trypanosoma brucei", Nucleic Acids Res., (19980000), vol. 26, no. 20, doi:10.1093/nar/26.20.4626, pages 4626 - 4634, XP000872845

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/26.20.4626
    - MCCALL et al., "Probes of chromatin accessibility in the Drosophila bithorax complex respond differently to Polycomb-mediated repression", EMBO J., (19960000), vol. 15, no. 3, doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00389.x, pages 569 - 580, XP055613797

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00389.x
    - JENUWEIN et al., "The immunoglobulin µ enhancer core establishes local factor access in nuclear chromatin independent of transcriptional stimulation", Genes & Dev., (19930000), vol. 7, doi:10.1101/gad.7.10.2016, pages 2016 - 2032, XP055336949

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.7.10.2016
    - KOSEKI et al., "Factors governing the activity in vivo of ribozymes transcribed by RNA polymerase III", J. Virology, (19990000), vol. 73, pages 1868 - 1877, XP001027031

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.3.1868-1877.1999
    - LINK et al., "Engineering ligand-responsive gene -control elements: lessons learned from natural riboswitches", Gene Therapy, (20090000), vol. 16, doi:10.1038/gt.2009.81, pages 1189 - 1201, XP008148752

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gt.2009.81
    - STERNBERG et al., "Bacteriophage P1 site-specific recombination . I . Recombination between loxP sites", J. Mol. Biol., (19810000), vol. 150, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90375-2, pages 467 - 486, XP024013080

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(81)90375-2
    - STERNBERG et al., "Bacteriophage P1 site-specific recombination. II. Recombination between loxP and the bacterial chromosome", J. Mol. Biol., (19810000), vol. 150, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90376-4, pages 487 - 507, XP024013081

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(81)90376-4
    - SAUER et al., "Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre recombinase of bacteriophage P1", Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, (19880000), vol. 85, doi:10.1073/pnas.85.14.5166, pages 5166 - 5170, XP000615552

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.14.5166
    - LOONSTRA et al., "Growth inhibition and DNA damage induced by Cre recombinase in mammalian cells", Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, (20010000), vol. 98, doi:10.1073/pnas.161269798, pages 9209 - 9214, XP055613805

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161269798
    - HEIDMANN et al., "Reduction of Cre recombinase toxicity in proliferating Drosophila cells by estrogen-dependent activity regulation", Dev. Genes & Evolution, (20010000), vol. 211, doi:10.1007/s004270100167, pages 458 - 465, XP055613807

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270100167
    - SCHMIDT et al., "Illegitimate Cre-dependent chromosome rearrangements in transgenic mouse spermatids", Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, (20000000), vol. 97, doi:10.1073/pnas.240471297, pages 13702 - 13707, XP002607632

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.240471297
    - COPPOOLSE et al., "Cre recombinase expression can result in phenotypic aberrations in plants", Plant Molecular Biology, (20030000), vol. 51, doi:10.1023/A:1021174726070, pages 263 - 279, XP019262394

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021174726070
    - RAYMOND et al., "High-efficiency FLP and PHI03Y site-specific recombination in mammalian cells", PLOS ONE, (20070000), vol. 2, no. 1, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000162, page e162, XP055069825

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000162
    - CARROLL, "A CRISPR approach to gene targeting", Molecular Therapy, (20120000), vol. 20, no. 9, doi:10.1038/mt.2012.171, pages 1658 - 60, XP055106489

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.171
    - REISS et al., "RecA protein stimulates homologous recombination in plants", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (19960400), vol. 93, pages 3094 - 3098, XP002023622

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.7.3094
    - ANDERS et al., "Structural basis of PAM-dependent target DNA recognition by the Cas9 endonuclease", Nature, (20140900), vol. 513, pages 569 - 573, XP055240929

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13579
    - CHO SW et al., "Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease (includes Supplementary information)", Nat Biotechnol., (20130300), vol. 31, no. 3, pages 230 - 232,1-11, XP002699850

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2507
    - HWANG WY et al., "Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system", Nat Biotechnol., (20130300), vol. 31, no. 3, pages 227 - 229, XP055540933

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2501
    - Melissa Pandika, "Jennifer Doudna, CRISPR Code Killer", (20140107), ZY, URL: http://www.ozy.com/risinq-stars/jennifer-doudna-crispr-code-killer/4690, XP055613817
    - Hwang et al., "Supplementary Material to: Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system", Nature Biotechnology, pages 1 - 21, XP002718602

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2501
    - Robert Sanders, "Cheap and easy technique to snip DNA could revolutionize gene therapy", Berkeley News, URL: http://news.berkeley.edu/2013/01/07/cheap-and-easy-technique-to-snip-dna-could-revolutionize-gene-therapy/, XP055543406
    - "The CRISPR Revolution", CATALYST MAGAZINE, Berkeley, (20140709), URL: http://catalyst.berkeley.edu/slideshow/the-crisprrevolution/19/12/2014 12:40:53, XP055665429
    - VAN DER OOST, "New Tool for Genome Surgery", Science, (20130215), pages 768 - 770, XP055185006

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1234726
    - Gottesman, Susan, "Dicing defence in bacteria", Nature, (20110331), vol. 471, pages 588 - 589, XP055613828

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/471588a
    - Horvath et al., "RNA-guided genome editing à la carte", Cell Research, (20130601), pages 733 - 734, XP055184973

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.39
    - RAN et al., "In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9", Nature, (20150000), vol. 520, pages 186 - 191, XP055206733

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14299
    - Keith Joung, "Building with Biological LEGO", BioTechniques,, (20120601), vol. 52, no. 6, page 351, XP055613839

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000113870
    - Davies et al., "Site Specific Mutation of the Zic2 Locus by Microinjection of TALEN mRNA in Mouse CD1, C3H and C57BL/6J Oocytes", PLoS ONE, (20130328), vol. 8, pages 1 - 7, XP055159248

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060216
    - KIM et al., "In vivo genome editing with a small Cas9 orthologue derived from Campylobacter jejuni", Nature Communications, (20170000), vol. 8, pages 1 - 12, XP055435849

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14500
    - XU et al., "Accuracy and efficiency define Bxb1 integrase as the best of fifteen candidate serine recombinases for the integration of DNA into the human genome", BMC Biotechnology, (20130000), vol. 13, pages 1 - 17, XP021171155

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-13-87
    - ROBERTSON HD et al., "Purification and Properties of a Specific Escherichia coli Ribonuclease which Cleaves a Tyrosine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Precursor", J Biol Chem., (19720825), vol. 247, no. 16, pages 5243 - 5251, XP055613873
    - GUERRIER-TAKADA C. et al., "The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme", Cell, (19831200), vol. 35, pages 849 - 857, XP023876209

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(83)90117-4
    - MCCLAIN WH et al., "Model substrates for an RNA enzyme", Science, (19871023), vol. 238, no. 4826, pages 527 - 530, XP055613876

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2443980
    - FORSTER AC. et al., "External Guide Sequences for an RNA Enzyme", Science, (19900817), vol. 249, no. 4970, pages 783 - 786, XP055613881

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1697102
    - LI Y. et al., "Targeted cleavage of mRNA in vitro by RNase P from Escherichia coli (external guide sequence/model substrates)", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., (19920415), vol. 89, no. 8, pages 3185 - 3189, XP055613884

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.8.3185
    - LIU F et al., "Inhibition of viral gene expression by the catalytic RNA subunlt o[ RNase P from Escherichia coli", Genes Dev., (19950215), vol. 9, no. 4, pages 471 - 480, XP055613887

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.4.471
    - PLEHN-DUJOWICH D. et al., "Effective inhibition of influenza virus production in cultured cells by external guide sequences and ribonuclease P", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., (19980623), vol. 95, no. 13, pages 7327 - 7332, XP002939541

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.13.7327
    - KIM K et al., "Inhibition of gene expression in human cells using RNase P-derived ribozymes and external guide sequences", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, (20070000), vol. 1769, pages 603 - 612, XP022349461

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.09.001
    - YUAN Y et al., "Selection of guide sequences that direct efficient cleavage of mRNA by human ribonuclease P", Science, (19940304), vol. 263, no. 5151, pages 1269 - 1273, XP002104825

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8122108
    - KILANI AF et al., "RNase P Ribozymes Selected in Vitro to Cleave a Viral mRNA Effectively Inhibit Its Expression in Cell Culture", J Biol Chem., (20000407), vol. 275, no. 14, pages 10611 - 10622, XP055613895

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.14.10611
    - ZHOU T et al., "In Vitro Selection of External Guide Sequences for Directing RNase P-mediated Inhibition of Viral Gene Expression (includes Supplemental data)", J Biol Chem., (20020816), vol. 277, no. 33, pages 30112 - 30120,2-3, XP055613897

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200183200
    - COX M M, "The FLP protein of the yeast 2-eum plasmid: Expression of a eukaryotic genetic recombination system in Escherichia coli", Proc Natl Acad Sci US A, (19830700), vol. 80, no. 14, pages 4223 - 4227, XP055613907

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.14.4223
    - BABINEAU D. et al., "The FLP Protein of the 2-micron Plasmid of Yeast PURIFICATION OF THE PROTEIN FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI CELLS EXPRESSING THE CLONED FLP GENE", J Biol Chem., (19851005), vol. 260, no. 22, pages 12313 - 12319, XP055613910
    - O'GORMAN S. et al., "Recombinase-mediated gene activation and site-specific integration in mammalian cells", Science, (19910315), vol. 251, no. 4999, pages 1351 - 1355, XP002032986

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1900642
    - BUCHHOLZ F. et al., "Different Thermostabilities of FLP and Cre Recombinases: Implications for Applied Site-Specific Recombination", Nucleic Acids Res., (19961101), vol. 24, no. 21, pages 4256 - 4262, XP001004622

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/24.21.4256
    - BUCHHOLZ et al., "Improved properties of FLP recombinase evolved by cycling mutagenesis", Nature Biotechnology, (19980000), vol. 16, no. 7, pages 657 - 662, XP000775868

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0798-657
    - RODRIGUEZ CI. et al., "High-efficiency deleter mice show that FLPe is an alternative to Cre-loxP", Nat Genet., (20000600), vol. 25, no. 2, pages 139 - 140, XP003034016

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/75973
    - LEENAY et al., "Identifying and Visualizing Functional PAM Diversity across CRISPR-Cas Systems", Molecular Cell, (20160000), vol. 62, pages 137 - 147, XP029496719

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.031
    - HSU et al., "DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases", Nature Biotechnology, (20130900), vol. 31, no. 9, pages 827 - 832, XP002718604

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2647
    - Ran et al., "Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system", Nature Protocols, (20131101), vol. 8, no. 11, pages 2281 - 2308, XP002744123

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.143
    - DOENCH, J. G. et al., "Optimized sgRNA design to maximize activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9", Nature Biotech., (20160000), vol. 34, no. 2, pages 184 - 191, XP055551151

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3437
    - HOUSDEN, B. E. et al., "Identification of potential drug targets for tuberous sclerosis complex by synthetic screens combining CRISPR-based knockouts with RNAi", Science Signaling, (20150908), vol. 8, no. 393, doi:10.1126/scisignal.aab3729, pages 1 - 9, XP055665480

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aab3729
    - REN, X. et al., "Enhanced Specificity and Efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 System with Optimized sgRNA Parameters in Drosophila", Cell Rep., (20140000), vol. 9, pages 1151 - 1162, XP055366968

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.044
    - "I GEM Learn About", iGEM, (20110000), Web Archive, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20111008201737/ttps://igem.org
    - "Project Introduction", IGEM 2011 Home Project, Arizona State University, (2011), URL: http://2011.igem.org/Team:Arizona_State/Project/Introduction, XP055665897
    - Anonymous, "Listeria innocua", IGEM 2001 Home Project, (2011), URL: http://2011.igem.org/Team:Arizona_State/Project/L_innocua, XP055665901
    - "Listeria Innocua", IGEM 2011 Home Project, (20110927), XP055665905
    - Jiaqiwu, "Wiki Freeze", (20111128), URL: https://asuigem.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/wiki-freeze/, XP055665910
    - STERNBERG et al., "DNA interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9", Nature, (20140129), vol. 507, pages 62 - 67, XP055161285

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13011
    - NOZAWA T et al., "Crispr Inhibition of Prophage Acquisition in Streptococcus pyogenes", PLoS ONE, (20110000), vol. 6, no. 5, pages 1 - 10, XP055514497

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019543
    - DINGERMANN, et al., "CRISPR/Cas9", Deutsche Apothekerzeitung, (20150705), no. 19, pages 47 - 51, XP055665920
    - SHAH et al., "Protospacer recognition motifs", RNA Biology, (20130500), vol. 10, no. 5, pages 891 - 899, XP055153088

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.23764
    - SHEN B et al., "Generation of gene-modified mice via Cas9/RNA-mediated gene targeting", Cell Research, (20130000), vol. 23, pages 720 - 723, XP055141533

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.46
    - RHUN AL et al., "Small RNAs in stretococci", RNA Biology, (20120401), vol. 9, no. 4, pages 414 - 426, XP055665925

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.20104
    - BARRANGOU R et al., "CRISPR: New Horizons in Phage Resistance and Strain Identification", Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol., (20120000), vol. 3, pages 143 - 162, XP055378159

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101134
    - YOUNG JC et al., "Phage-induced expression of CRISPR-associated proteins is revealed by shotgun proteomics in Streptococcus thermophilus.", PLoS One, (20120530), vol. 7, no. 5, pages 1 - 12, XP055665932

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038077
    - "exogenous", Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms, (19950000), page 192, XP055666254
    - JINEK et al., "A programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity", Science, (20120000), vol. 337, doi:10.1126/science.1225829, pages 816 - 821, XP055549487

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
    - FONFARA et al., "Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional exchangeability of dual- RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II CRISPR-Cas systems", Nucleic Acids Research, (20140000), vol. 42, doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1074, pages 2577 - 2590, XP055399937

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1074
    - LEENAY et al., "Identifying and Visualizing Functional PAM Diversity across CRISPR- Cas Systems", Mol. Cell, (20160000), vol. 62, pages 137 - 147, XP029496719

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.031
    - GASIUNAS et al., "Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria", PNAS, vol. 109, no. 39, doi:10.1073/pnas.1208507109, (20120900), pages E2579 - E2586, URL: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1208507109, XP055569955

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208507109
    - ENYEART et al., "Biotechnological applications of mobile group II introns and their reverse transcriptases: gene targeting, RNA-seq, and non-coding RNA analysis", Mob DNA 2014, (20140000), vol. 5, no. 1, doi:10.1186/1759-8753-5-2, page 2, XP021175117

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1759-8753-5-2
    - MINTON, "How can biochemical reactions within cells differ from those in test tubes?", J. Cell . Sci., (20060000), vol. 119, no. 14, pages 2863 - 2869+1pp, XP055464107

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.03063
    - HALL et al., "Effects of inert volume-excluding macromolecules on protein fiber formation. I. Equilibrium models", Biophys. Chem., (20020000), vol. 98, pages 93 - 104, XP055464108
    - HALL et al., "Effects of inert volume-excluding macromolecules on protein fiber formation. II. Kinetic models for nucleated fiber growth", Biophys. Chem., (20040000), vol. 107, doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2003.09.016, pages 299 - 316, XP055464109

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2003.09.016
    - MARTIN, "Requirement for GroEL/GroES-Dependent Protein Folding under Nonpermissive Conditions of Macromolecular Crowding", Biochemistry, (20020000), vol. 41, doi:10.1021/bi015925l, pages 5050 - 5055, XP055464111

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi015925l
    - VAN DEN BERG et al., "Effects of macromolecular crowding on protein folding and aggregation", EMBO J., (19990000), vol. 18, no. 24, pages 6927 - 6933, XP055464113
    - Ran et al., "In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (Supplementary Information)", Nature, (20150401), vol. 520, no. 7546, pages 186 - 191, XP055304490

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14299
    - MOHR et al., "Rules for DNA target-site recognition by a lactococcal group II intron enable retargeting of the intron to specific DNA sequences", Genes & Development, (20000000), vol. 14, pages 559 - 573, XP055464117
    - GRYLLOS et al., "The CsrR/CsrS two-component system of group A Streptococcus responds to environmental Mg2+", PNAS, (20030000), vol. 100, no. 7, doi:10.1073/pnas.0636231100, pages 4227 - 4232, XP055464121

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0636231100
    - NEEF et al., "Deletion of a cation transporter promotes lysis in Streptococcus pneumoniae", Infection and immunity, (20110000), vol. 79, no. 6, doi:10.1128/IAI.00677-10, pages 2314 - 2323, XP055464123

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00677-10
    - LACASSE et al., "Nuclear localization signals overlap DNA- or RNA-binding domains in nucleic acid-binding proteins", Nucleic Acids Research, (19950000), vol. 23, no. 10, doi:10.1093/nar/23.10.1647, pages 1647 - 56, XP055464125

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.10.1647
    - KIMCHI-SARFATY et al., "A'Silent' Polymorphism in the MDR1 Gene Changes Substrate Specificity", Science, (20070000), vol. 315, pages 525 - 528, XP055464126
    - MAERTENS et al., "Gene optimization mechanisms: a multi- gene study reveals a high success rate of full-length human proteins expressed in Escherichia coli", Protein Sci., (20100000), vol. 19, doi:10.1002/pro.408, pages 1312 - 26, XP055441307

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.408
    - MAURO et al., "A critical analysis of codon optimization in human therapeutics", Trends Mol Med., (20140000), vol. 20, no. 11, doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.09.003, pages 604 - 613, XP055391316

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.09.003
    - AGUIRRE et al., "Genomic Copy Number Dictates a Gene -Independent Cell Response to CRISPR/Cas9 Targeting", Cancer Discovery, (20160000), vol. 6, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0154, pages 914 - 929, XP002795716

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0154
    - IHRY et al., "P53 toxicity is a hurdle to CRISPR/CAS9 screening and engineering in human pluripotent stem cells", Nature Medicine, (20170000), pages 939 - 946, XP036542073

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0050-6
    - JIANG et al., "Successful transient expression of Cas9 and single guide RNA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii", Eukaryot Cell, (20140000), vol. 13, doi:10.1128/EC.00213-14, pages 1465 - 9, XP055435460

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/EC.00213-14
    - MASTROIANNI et al., "Group II Intron-Based Gene Targeting Reactions in Eukaryotes", PLoS One, (20080000), vol. 3, no. 9, pages 1 - 15, XP055149290

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003121
    - JINEK et al., "RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells", eLife, (20130000), vol. 2, doi:10.7554/eLife.00471, page e00471, XP002699851

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
    - R SANDERS, "Cheap and easy technique to snip DNA could revolutionize gene therapy", Berkeley Press Release, (20130107), URL: http://news.berkeley.edu/ 2013/01/07 /cheap-and-easy-technique-to-snip-dna-could- revol ution ize- gene -thera py, XP055543406
    - CONG et al., "Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems", Science, (20130000), vol. 339, doi:10.1126/science.1231143, pages 819 - 823, XP055458249

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
    - MALI et al., "RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9", Science, (20130000), vol. 339, doi:10.1126/science.1232033, pages 823 - 826, XP055469277

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
    - "The CRISPR Revolution", Catalyst Magazine, vol. 9, no. 1, (20140000), URL: http://catalyst.berkeley.edu/slideshow/the-crispr-revolution/, XP055665429
    - CARROLL, "A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting", Molecular Therapy, (20120000), vol. 20, no. 9, doi:10.1038/mt.2012.171, pages 1658 - 60, XP055106489

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.171
    - BARRANGOU, "RNA-mediated programmable DNA cleavage", Nat. Biotechnol., (20120000), vol. 30, no. 9, doi:10.1038/nbt.2357, pages 836 - 838, XP055118675

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2357
    - ZAHID et al., "Protein Transduction Domains: Applications for Molecular Medicine", Curr. Gene Ther., (20120000), vol. 12, pages 374 - 380
    - Zahid et al., "Protein Transduction Domains: Applications for Molecular Medicine", Current Gene Therapy, (2012), vol. 12, pages 374 - 380, XP055666717

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652312802762527
    - CORBI et al., "Chapter 9 Synthetic Zinc Finger Transcription Factors", CORBI et al., Shiro Iuchi, Zinc finger proteins: from atomic contact to cellular function, (20050000), pages 47 - 55, XP055344640

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27421-9_9
    - Nishimasu et al., "Crystal Structure of Cas9 in Complex with Guide RNA and Target DNA, includes Supplemental Information)", Cell, (20140201), vol. 156, no. 5, pages 935 - 949,S1-S8, XP055423859

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.001
    - JINEK, M et al., "A programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity", Science, (20120000), vol. 337, pages 816 - 821, XP055636516

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
    - DELTCHEVA, E., "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III", Nature, (20110000), vol. 471, doi:10.1038/nature09886, pages 602 - 607, XP055619637

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09886
    - SAPRANAUSKAS, R., "The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli", Nucleic Acids Research, (20110000), vol. 39, no. 21, doi:10.1093/nar/gkr606, page 9275 82, XP055265024

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr606
    - CONG, L., "Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR Cas Systems", Science, (20130215), vol. 339, no. 6121, doi:10.1126/science.1231143, pages 819 - 23, XP055458249

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143
    - MALI, P., "RNA Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9", Science, (20130000), vol. 339, pages 823 - 826, XP055636507

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
    - JINEK, M., "RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells", eLife, (20130000), vol. 2, pages 1 - 9, XP055245475

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
    - DOUDNA et al., "The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9", Science, (20140000), vol. 346, no. 6213, doi:10.1126/science.1258096, XP055162699

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096
    - JIANG, F. et al., "CRISPR- Cas9 Structures and Mechanisms", Annu. Rev. Biophys., (20170000), vol. 46, pages 505 - 529, XP055362997

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-062215-010822
    - ANDERS et al., "Structural basis of PAM-dependent target DNA recognition by the Cas9 endonuclease", Nature, (20140925), vol. 513, no. 7519, doi:10.1038/nature13579, pages 569 - 573, XP055240929

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13579
    - PENG, R. et al., "Potential pitfalls of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing", FEBS Journal, (20160000), vol. 283, doi:10.1111/febs.13586, pages 1218 - 1231, XP055377561

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.13586
    - WANG, H. et al., "CRISPR/Cas9 in Genome Editing and Beyond", Annu. Rev. Biochem., (20160000), vol. 85, doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014607, pages 227 - 64, XP055290311

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014607
    - NISHIMASU et al., "Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with Guide RNA and Target DNA", Cell, (20140000), vol. 156, no. 5, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.001, pages 935 - 949, XP028667665

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.001
    - FONFARA et al., "Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional exchangeability of dual-RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II CRISPR-cas systems", Nucleic Acids Research, (20140000), vol. 42, no. 4, doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1074, pages 2577 - 2590, XP055399937

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1074
    - HWANG W.Y., "Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system", Nat Biotechnol., (20130300), vol. 31, no. 3, doi:10.1038/nbt.2501, pages 227 - 9, XP055540926

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2501
    - GASIUNAS, G., "Cas9- crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria", proc. nat. acad. sci., (20120000), vol. 109, no. 39, doi:10.1073/pnas.1208507109, pages E2579 - E2586, XP055569955

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208507109
    - RICHTER, C., "Function and Regulation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR Associated (Cas) Systems", Viruses, (20120000), vol. 4, doi:10.3390/v4102291, pages 2291 - 2311, XP055299758

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v4102291
    - MEI, YUE et al., "Recent Progress in CRISPR/Cas9 Technology", Genomics, (20160000), vol. 43, pages 63 - 72, XP029434259

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2016.01.001
    - CHO, S. W., "Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease", Nature Biotech., (20130000), vol. 31, no. 3, doi:10.1038/nbt.2507, XP002699850

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2507
    - DICARLO, J. E., "Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems", Nucleic Acids Research, (20130000), vol. 41, no. 7, doi:10.1093/nar/gkt135, page 4336 43, XP055604254

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt135
    - JENNIFER DOUDNA, "The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9", Catalyst Magazine, (20140709), pages 1 - 10, XP055162699

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096
    - MAKAROVA, K.S. et al., "An Updated Evolutionary Classification of CRISPR- Cas Systems", Nature, (20150000), vol. 13, doi:10.1038/nrmicro3569, pages 722 - 736, XP055271841

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3569
    - KIM, E. et al., "In vivo genome editing with a small Cas9 orthologue derived from Campylobacter jejuni", Nat Communcations, (20170000), pages 1 - 122, XP055435850

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14500
    - CARROLL, D., "A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting", Molecular Therapy, (20120000), vol. 20, no. 9, doi:10.1038/mt.2012.171, pages 1658 - 1660, XP055106489

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.171
    - BARRANGOU, R., "RNA-mediated programmable DNA cleavage", Nat. Biotechnology, (20120000), vol. 30, no. 9, doi:10.1038/nbt.2357, pages 836 - 838, XP055118675

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2357
    - FERRARI, A., "Kapitel 3", Gentechnish verändere Tiere in der Biomedizin, (20080000), pages 60 - 108, XP055671120
    - TAN W. et al., "Gene targeting, genome editing: from Dolly to editors", Transgenic Research, (20160000), pages 273 - 287, XP035933686

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-016-9932-x
    - Anonymous, "Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über den rechtlichen Schutz biotechnologischer Erfindungen", Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, (19961007), pages 1 - 9, XP055671122
    - THEN, CHRISTOPH, "Gentechnik, Patente und die Tierversuchsindustrie: Neue Gentechnik- Verfahren und Patente auf Säugetiere lassen die Zahl der Tierversuche weiter ansteigen", Test Biotech, (20160000), pages 1 - 27, XP055671126
The EPO accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of data originating from other authorities; in particular, it does not guarantee that it is complete, up to date or fit for specific purposes.