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Extract from the Register of European Patents

EP About this file: EP2944323

EP2944323 - AGENTS FOR TREATING TUMOURS, USE AND METHOD THEREOF [Right-click to bookmark this link]
StatusPatent revoked
Status updated on  24.07.2020
Database last updated on 15.07.2024
FormerThe patent has been granted
Status updated on  22.02.2019
FormerGrant of patent is intended
Status updated on  24.10.2018
FormerExamination is in progress
Status updated on  04.08.2017
Most recent event   Tooltip20.06.2024Lapse of the patent in a contracting state
New state(s): MC		published on 24.07.2024 [2024/30]
Applicant(s)For all designated states
Dingfu Biotarget Co., Ltd
Building A6, Biobay
218 Xinghu Street
Suzhou Industrial Park
Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125 / CN
[2019/13]
Former [2015/47]For all designated states
Dingfu Biotarget Co., Ltd
Bldg C23, Biobay 218 Xinghu Street
Suzhou Industrial Park
Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125 / CN
Inventor(s)01 / FU, Yangxin
5744. S. Blackstone
Chicago, IL 60637 / US
 [2015/47]
Representative(s)Weickmann & Weickmann PartmbB
Richard-Strauss-Strasse 80
81679 München / DE
[2019/13]
Former [2015/47]Kremer, Simon Mark, et al
Mewburn Ellis LLP
City Tower
40 Basinghall Street
London EC2V 5DE / GB
Application number, filing date13870762.511.01.2013
[2015/47]
WO2013CN70342
Filing languageZH
Procedural languageEN
PublicationType: A1 Application with search report
No.:WO2014107873
Date:17.07.2014
Language:ZH
[2014/29]
Type: A1 Application with search report 
No.:EP2944323
Date:18.11.2015
Language:EN
[2015/47]
Type: B1 Patent specification 
No.:EP2944323
Date:27.03.2019
Language:EN
[2019/13]
Search report(s)International search report - published on:CN17.07.2014
(Supplementary) European search report - dispatched on:EP29.06.2016
ClassificationIPC:C07K16/28, A61P35/00, A61N5/10, A61K39/395
[2018/45]
CPC:
C07K16/2827 (EP,US); A61K39/395 (US); A61K39/3955 (US);
A61K45/06 (US); A61N5/10 (EP,US); A61P35/00 (EP);
C07K16/2818 (US); A61K2039/505 (EP,US); C07K2317/76 (EP,US) (-)
C-Set:
A61K39/39558, A61K2300/00 (EP,US)
Former IPC [2015/47]A61K39/395, A61P35/00
Designated contracting statesAL,   AT,   BE,   BG,   CH,   CY,   CZ,   DE,   DK,   EE,   ES,   FI,   FR,   GB,   GR,   HR,   HU,   IE,   IS,   IT,   LI,   LT,   LU,   LV,   MC,   MK,   MT,   NL,   NO,   PL,   PT,   RO,   RS,   SE,   SI,   SK,   SM,   TR [2015/47]
Extension statesBANot yet paid
MENot yet paid
TitleGerman:MITTEL ZUR BEHANDLUNG VON TUMOREN, VERWENDUNG UND VERFAHREN DAFÜR[2015/47]
English:AGENTS FOR TREATING TUMOURS, USE AND METHOD THEREOF[2015/47]
French:AGENTS POUR TRAITER DES TUMEURS ET UTILISATION ET MÉTHODES CORRESPONDANTES[2015/47]
Entry into regional phase09.07.2015Translation filed 
22.07.2015National basic fee paid 
22.07.2015Search fee paid 
22.07.2015Designation fee(s) paid 
22.07.2015Examination fee paid 
Examination procedure22.07.2015Examination requested  [2015/47]
19.01.2017Amendment by applicant (claims and/or description)
04.08.2017Despatch of a communication from the examining division (Time limit: M04)
04.12.2017Reply to a communication from the examining division
28.09.2018Cancellation of oral proceeding that was planned for 19.10.2018
19.10.2018Date of oral proceedings (cancelled)
25.10.2018Communication of intention to grant the patent
14.02.2019Fee for grant paid
14.02.2019Fee for publishing/printing paid
14.02.2019Receipt of the translation of the claim(s)
Divisional application(s)The date of the Examining Division's first communication in respect of the earliest application for which a communication has been issued is  04.08.2017
Opposition(s)Opponent(s)01  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Limited
980 Great West Road
Brentford Middlesex TW8 9GS / GB
Opponent's representative
J A Kemp LLP
80 Turnmill Street
London EC1M 5QU / GB
 02  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
Pfizer Inc.
235 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017 / US
Opponent's representative
Pfizer
European Patent Department
23-25 avenue du Docteur Lannelongue
75668 Paris Cedex 14 / FR
 03  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
Merck Patent GmbH
Frankfurter Strasse 250
64293 Darmstadt / DE
 [N/P]
Former [2020/07]
Opponent(s)01  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Limited
980 Great West Road
Brentford Middlesex TW8 9GS / GB
Opponent's representative
J A Kemp LLP
14 South Square
Gray's Inn
London WC1R 5JJ / GB
 02  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
Pfizer Inc.
235 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017 / US
Opponent's representative
Pfizer
European Patent Department
23-25 avenue du Docteur Lannelongue
75668 Paris Cedex 14 / FR
 03  20.12.2019    ADMISSIBLE
Merck Patent GmbH
Frankfurter Strasse 250
64293 Darmstadt / DE
17.01.2020Invitation to proprietor to file observations on the notice of opposition
02.04.2020Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition
08.04.2020Despatch of communication that the patent will be revoked
18.04.2020Legal effect of revocation of patent [2020/35]
Fees paidRenewal fee
22.07.2015Renewal fee patent year 03
27.01.2016Renewal fee patent year 04
30.12.2016Renewal fee patent year 05
31.10.2017Renewal fee patent year 06
31.10.2018Renewal fee patent year 07
Opt-out from the exclusive  Tooltip
competence of the Unified
Patent Court		 See the Register of the Unified Patent Court for opt-out data
Responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or quality of the data displayed under the link provided lies entirely with the Unified Patent Court.
Lapses during opposition  TooltipAL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
MC27.03.2019
MK27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SI27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
TR27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
LU11.01.2020
[2024/30]
Former [2024/22]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
MK27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SI27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
TR27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
LU11.01.2020
Former [2020/46]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SI27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
TR27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
LU11.01.2020
Former [2020/17]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SI27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
TR27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2020/13]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SI27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2020/04]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
IS27.07.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2020/03]AL27.03.2019
AT27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2019/52]AL27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
PL27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2019/51]AL27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
SM27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2019/49]AL27.03.2019
CZ27.03.2019
EE27.03.2019
FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
RO27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
SK27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2019/48]FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
PT27.07.2019
Former [2019/39]FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
LV27.03.2019
RS27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
Former [2019/38]FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
BG27.06.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
Former [2019/37]FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
NO27.06.2019
GR28.06.2019
Former [2019/33]FI27.03.2019
LT27.03.2019
NO27.06.2019
Documents cited:Search[X]WO2009089149  (UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS [US], et al) [X] 1-6 * example 4; claims 1-19 *;
 [X]WO2012177624  (UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS [US], et al) [X] 1-6 * figure 4; example 2; claims 1-30 *;
 [T]  - BAZALOVA MAGDALENA ET AL, "Modality comparison for small animal radiotherapy: A simulation study", MEDICAL PHYSICS, AIP, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 41, no. 1, doi:10.1118/1.4842415, ISSN 0094-2405, (20140101), (19010101), XP012184204 [T] * abstract *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4842415
 [T]  - WEIQING JING ET AL, "Combined immune checkpoint protein blockade and low dose whole body irradiation as immunotherapy for myeloma", JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER, BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, LONDON, UK, (20150120), vol. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/S40425-014-0043-Z, ISSN 2051-1426, page 2, XP021210655 [T] * abstract *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40425-014-0043-z
 [T]  - TENG FEIFEI ET AL, "Radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy: Achievements and challenges", CANCER LETTERS, (2015), vol. 365, no. 1, doi:10.1016/J.CANLET.2015.05.012, ISSN 0304-3835, pages 23 - 29, XP029222836 [T] * the whole document *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.012
 [T]  - DAVID KILLOCK, "Immunotherapy: Combined immunoradiotherapy reinvigorates antitumour immunity", NATURE REVIEWS CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, NY, US, (20150324), vol. 12, no. 6, doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.54, ISSN 1759-4774, pages 311 - 311, XP055277370 [T] * abstract *

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.54
International search[Y]WO2009089149  (UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS [US], et al);
 [Y]  - YURU MENG ET AL., "Radiation-inducible Immunotherapy for Cancer: Senescent Tumor Cells as a Cancer Vaccine", MOLECULAR THERAPY, (201205), vol. 20, no. 5, pages 1046 - 1055, XP055261840

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.19
Examination   - CHARLES J ROSSER ET AL, "Molecular fingerprinting of radiation resistant tumors: Can we apprehend and rehabilitate the suspects?", BIOMED CENTRAL, (20090709), vol. 9, no. 225, pages 1 - 10
    - CARRIE PRINTZ, "Radiation oncologists work to protect patients'", CANCER, (20120701), pages 3223 - 3225
    - FRANCESCA DE BACCO ET AL, "Induction of MET by ionizing radiation and its role in radioresistance and invasive growth of cancer", J NATL CANCER INST, (20110404), vol. 103, pages 645 - 661
by applicant   - LEE, Y. ET AL., "Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment", BLOOD, (2009), vol. 114, pages 589 - 595
    - BURNETTE, B. ET AL., "The efficacy of radiotherapy relies upon induction of type I interferon-dependent innate and adaptive immunity", CANCER RES.
    - APETOH, L. ET AL., "Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy", NAT MED, (2007), vol. 13, pages 1050 - 1059
    - ASANO, K. ET AL., "CD169-positive macrophages dominate antitumor immunity by crosspresenting dead cell-associated antigens", IMMUNITY, vol. 34, doi:doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.011, pages 85 - 95, XP028183617

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.011
    - ZOU, W.; CHEN, L., "Inhibitory B7-family molecules in the tumor microenvironment", NAT REV IMMUNOL, (2008), vol. 8, doi:doi:10.1038/nri2326, pages 467 - 477, XP009142446

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2326
    - CHEN, L., "Co-inhibitory molecules of the B7-CD28 family in the control of T-cell immunity", NAT REVLMMUNOL, (2004), vol. 4, doi:doi:10.1038/nri1349, pages 336 - 347, XP055141186

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1349
    - DONG, H. ET AL., "Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion", NAT MED, (2002), vol. 8, doi:doi:10.1038/nm730, pages 793 - 800, XP002397368

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm730
    - CURIEL, T.J., "Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity", NAT MED, (2003), vol. 9, doi:doi:10.1038/nm863, pages 562 - 567, XP002311470

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm863
    - BARBER, D.L. ET AL., "Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection", NATURE, (2006), vol. 439, doi:doi:10.1038/nature04444, pages 682 - 687, XP002419629

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04444
    - DAY, C.L. ET AL., "PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression", NATURE, (2006), vol. 443, doi:doi:10.1038/nature05115, pages 350 - 354, XP002487713

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05115
    - TRAUTMANN, L. ET AL., "Upregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction", NAT MED, (2006), vol. 12, doi:doi:10.1038/nm1482, pages 1198 - 1202, XP055099009

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1482
    - NAKAMOTO, N. ET AL., "Synergistic reversal of intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8 T cell exhaustion by combined PD-l/CTLA-4 blockade", PLOSPATHOG, (2009), vol. 5, page E1000313
    - FREEMAN, G.J.; WHERRY, E.J.; AHMED, R.; SHARPE, A.H., "Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1-PD-1 ligand blockade", J EXP MED, (2006), vol. 203, pages 2223 - 2227
    - SAKUISHI, K. ET AL., "Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity", J EXP MED, vol. 207, doi:doi:10.1084/jem.20100643, pages 2187 - 2194, XP055052551

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100643
    - FOURCADE, J. ET AL., "Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients", J EXP MED, vol. 207, pages 2175 - 2186
    - MUMPRECHT, S.; SCHURCH, C.; SCHWALLER, J.; SOLENTHALER, M.; OCHSENBEIN, A.F., "Programmed death 1 signaling on chronic myeloid leukemia-specific T cells results in T-cell exhaustion and disease progression", BLOOD, (2009), vol. 114, pages 1528 - 1536
    - HIRANO, F. ET AL., "Blockade of B7-H1 and PD-1 by monoclonal antibodies potentiates cancer therapeutic immunity.", CANCER RES, (2005), vol. 65, pages 1089 - 1096, XP002419626
    - J. IMMUNOL., (2000), vol. 165, pages 5133 - 5142
    - WATSON PA; ELLWOOD-YEN K; KING JC; WONGVIPAT J; LEBEAU MM; SAWYERS CL, "Context-dependent hormone-refractory progression revealed through characterization of a novel murine prostate cancer cell line", CANCER RES., (20051215), vol. 65, no. 24, doi:doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3441, pages 11565 - 71, XP055137396

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3441
    - WASSERMAN J. ET AL., "Immunosuppression in irradiated breast cancer patients: in vitro effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors", BULL N YACAD MED., (1989), vol. 65, pages 36 - 44
    - OHUCHIDA K. ET AL., "Radiation to mesenchymel fibroblasts increases invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells through tumor-mesenchymel interactions", CANCER RES., (2004), vol. 64, pages 3215 - 3222
    - MERRICK A. ET AL., "Immunosuppressive effects of radiation on human dendritic cells: reduced IL-12 production on activation and impairment of native T-cell priming", BR J CANCER., (2005), vol. 92, pages 1450 - 1458
    - CHEN ET AL., "TGF-beta released by apoptotic T cells contributes to an immunosuppressive milieu", IMMUNITY, (2001), vol. 14, pages 715 - 725
    - REITS EA ET AL., "Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy", J. EXP MED., (2006), vol. 203, pages 1259 - 1271
OppositionWO2012177624
 WO2013079174
 WO2009089149
 WO2010077634
 EP2785375
    - KEARL et al., "PD-1 /PD-L1 blockade after transient lymphodepletion to treat myeloma", Journal of Immunotherapy, (20120000), vol. 35, no. 9, pages 721, 730 - 731, XP055668313
    - ZENG et al., "Combining anti-PD-1 (B7-H1) immunotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery in a mouse orthotopic glioblastoma model", International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, (20110000), vol. 81, no. 2, pages S82 - S83, XP055064459

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.167
    - ZENG et al., "Combining anti-PD-1 (B7-H1) immunotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery in a mouse orthotopic glioblastoma model", Neuro-Oncology, (20111100), vol. 13, pages iii37 - iii38, XP055668314
    - J. ZENG et al., "90. Combining anti-PD-1 (B7-H1) immunotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery in a mouse orthotopic glioblastoma model", Radiotherapy and Oncology, (20120000), vol. 102, page S1, S34, XP055668315
    - BRAHMER et al., "Safety and Activity of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer", N Engl J Med., (20120000), vol. 366, no. 26, pages 2455 - 2465, XP055668316

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
    - DOVEDI et al., "Acquired Resistance to Fractionated Radiotherapy Can Be Overcome by Concurrent PD-L1 Blockade", Cancer Res., (20140000), vol. 74, no. 19, pages 5458 - 5468, XP002743474

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1258
    - JOHNSON BRYON, "PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade after Transient Lymphodepletion to Treat Myeloma", 27th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), (20121027), pages 1 - 20, XP055668325
    - KEARL et al., "PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade after Transient Lymphodepletion to Treat Myeloma", Journal of Immunotherapy, (20121100), vol. 35, no. 9, pages 721, 730 - 731, XP055668313
    - KEARL et al., "Programmed Death Receptor-1/Programmed Death Receptor Ligand-1 Blockade after Transient Lymphodepletion to Treat Myeloma", J Immunol, (20130424), vol. 190, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202005, pages 5620 - 5628, XP002770094

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1202005
    - PILON-THOMAS et al., "Blockade of Programmed Death Ligand 1 Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Combination Immunotherapy against Melanoma", J Immunol, (20100301), vol. 184, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0904114, pages 3442 - 3449, XP002767914

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0904114
    - BRAHMER et al., "Safety and Activity of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer", New England Journal of Medicine, (20120628), vol. 366, no. 26, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200694, pages 2455 - 2465, XP002685330

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
    - Brahmer Jr Et Al., "Safety and Activity of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer /Supplementary Appendix/", New England Journal of Medicine, (2012), vol. 366, no. 26, pages 2455 - 2465, XP055668334

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
    - JONES et al., "199. Radiation Upregulates Specific Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Immunotherapy Targets", IJ Radiation Oncology.Biology.Physics, (20090000), vol. 75, no. 3, page S94, XP055668342
    - Jennifer C. JONES et al., "Impact of Radiation on Immunotherapy Targets", J Immunother, (20091100), vol. 32, no. 9, pages 971 - 972, XP055668346
    - FORMENTI et al., "Combining Radiotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy: A Paradigm Shift", Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI), (20130104), vol. 105, no. 4, doi:10.1093/jnci/djs629, pages 256 - 265, XP055319703

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs629
    - BASKAR R. et al., "Cancer and Radiation Therapy: Current Advances and Future Directions", Int J Med Sci, (20120227), vol. 9, no. 3, pages 193 - 199, XP055668349

DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3635
    - BRAHMER et al., "Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer", New England Journal of Medicine, (20120000), vol. 366, no. 26, pages 2455 - 2465, XP002685330

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